The transition states (TSs) were searched using the climbing image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) method. The exchange and correlation energies were computed using the Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof functional with the vdw correction (PBE-D3). MethodsĪll calculations were performed by using the plane-wave based periodic method implemented in Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP, version 5.4.4), where the ionic cores are described by the projector augmented wave (PAW) method. It is expected that the conclusion of this work can be extended to other WGSR catalytic systems like Cu(or Pt). By considering the effect of K contents on the reactivity of water-gas shift reaction, we found that the K with the medium coverage (~0.2~0.3 ML) has the strongest promoting effect. For different kinds of alkali metal additives, the adsorption strength of water molecules gradually weakens from Li to Cs, but Na shows the best promoter behavior at the low temperature. Microkinetic modeling results revealed that the carboxyl mechanism is the most likely to occur, redox mechanism is the next one, and the formate mechanism is the least likely to occur. Interestingly, the strong promotion effect of the K can be assigned to the significant direct space interaction between K and the adsorbate H 2O* through the inducted electric field, which can be further confirmed by the posed negative electric field on the unpromoted D-Au(211). K promoter stabilizes the water adsorption by ~0.3 eV, which results in one order increasing of whole reaction rate. Our results indicate that the presence of K can increase the adsorption ability of oxygen-containing species via the attractive coulomb interaction, has no significant effect on the adsorption of H species, but inhibits the adsorption of CO due to the steric effect. Herein, we report a systematically study of whole water-gas shift reaction mechanism on pure and the K-modified defected-Au(211) (i.e., by removing one surface Au atom from perfect Au(211) and make one model with the Au-Au coordination number is six) by using the microkinetic modeling based on first principles. How to elucidate the effect of alkali metal promoters on gold-catalyzed water-gas shift reaction intrinsically remains a challenging, because that the complex synergy effects such as strong metal-support interactions, interfacial effects, and charge transfer of supported metal catalysts makes people difficulty in the understanding the alkali promotion phenomenon in nature.
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